https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&feed=atom&action=historyDental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations look from Economics - Revision history2024-03-29T12:25:54ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.14https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=435&oldid=prevLouis Tiemann at 19:56, 30 October 20102010-10-30T19:56:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </div></td></tr>
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</table>Louis Tiemannhttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=215&oldid=prevKaitlynn Saldanha at 01:33, 5 October 20102010-10-05T01:33:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> '''Level-of-Analysis Problem''' </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> '''Level-of-Analysis Problem''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">> </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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</table>Kaitlynn Saldanhahttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=209&oldid=prevKaitlynn Saldanha at 00:57, 5 October 20102010-10-05T00:57:13Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:57, 5 October 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The article has nothing to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title derives from the introduction where he makes a short reference to how economists apply their theoretical tools to everything, from dental hygiene to nuclear war. The article is an understanding of international relations as an academic discipline from the view point of economics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The article has nothing to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title derives from the introduction where he makes a short reference to how economists apply their theoretical tools to everything, from dental hygiene to nuclear war. The article is an understanding of international relations as an academic discipline from the view point of economics. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eichengreen makes a review of the most important schools of international relations: Interest group model, Institutional approach, Endogenous preferences, Waltz’ system of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>level analysis. The constant structure in his review of each model is that at the beginning he argues that the assumptions made are fairly close to those used in many economic models; but later he says that the inclusion of politics, ideology or international organizations make the hypothesis formulated by these theories hard to test. For example he compares the Interest Group model that assumes countries to be “black boxes” with the assumption made in microeconomics of firms following profit maximization. However in a second part of his arguments he says that, although it is easy to understand the interest of a firm, it is much harder to define the interest of a country when you include its politics, culture and history. Most importantly, an approach that includes any interest beyond the increase in wealth, though it creates interesting theories, it is hard to test empirically.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eichengreen makes a review of the most important schools of international relations: Interest group model, Institutional approach, Endogenous preferences, Waltz’ system of level analysis. The constant structure in his review of each model is that at the beginning he argues that the assumptions made are fairly close to those used in many economic models; but later he says that the inclusion of politics, ideology or international organizations make the hypothesis formulated by these theories hard to test. For example he compares the Interest Group model that assumes countries to be “black boxes” with the assumption made in microeconomics of firms following profit maximization. However in a second part of his arguments he says that, although it is easy to understand the interest of a firm, it is much harder to define the interest of a country when you include its politics, culture and history. Most importantly, an approach that includes any interest beyond the increase in wealth, though it creates interesting theories, it is hard to test empirically. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Interest Group Models''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Interest Group Models<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Models provide predictions about the interests of individuals which are dependent on underlying structures. We are attentive to the interests of individuals because different interest groups favor different public policies. One example of an interest group model is the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. </ins>Interest Group Models <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are useful in IPE with respect to issues of trade and currency policies, as such models lay the groundwork for empirical study. Limitations of interest group models are their inability to capture the finest details, applicability to noneconomic issues, and its weakness in capturing the element of time (in the case that the model is static) <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Models provide predictions about the interests of individuals which are dependent on underlying structures. We are attentive to the interests of individuals because different interest groups favor different public policies. One example of an interest group model is the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. Interest Group Models are useful in IPE with respect to issues of trade and currency policies, as such models lay the groundwork for empirical study. Limitations of interest group models are their inability to capture the finest details, applicability to noneconomic issues, and its weakness in capturing the element of time (in the case that the model is static). </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> '''Institutional Approaches''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Institutional approaches emphasize the role of institutions: political, social and economic. Institutions can be viewed as "mechanisms of collective choice" in the sense that they highlight particular group interests and policy preferences while muting those of others. Because it is costly for constituents to monitor the acts of each elected official, institutions are imperfect mechanisms for monitoring and sanctioning political agents. Additionally, Eichengreen notes that because institutions are a source of network externalities, modifying their structure requires the coordination of the preferences of a large number of individuals. Furthermore, institutions may be purposely structured to resist change making it difficult to change rules and even harder to have efficiency enhancing effects. However, according to the functionalist perspective, the evolution of political institutions is a consequence of the ability of institutions to play an efficiency-enhancing role. Inefficient institutions that fail to do so face inevitable replacement by better systems. Because there exist conflicting interpretations of the role of institutions by scholars, there is also divergence regarding their characterization <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Institutional Approaches</del>'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Endogenous Preferences</ins>''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Institutional approaches emphasize </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">role </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">institutions: </del>political<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, social </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">economic</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Institutions can </del>be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">viewed as "mechanisms of collective choice" in the sense that they highlight particular group interests and policy preferences while muting those of others</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because it is costly for constituents </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monitor the acts of each elected official</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">institutions are imperfect mechanisms for monitoring </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sanctioning political agents</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Additionally, </del>Eichengreen <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">notes </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">because institutions are a source of network externalities, modifying their structure requires </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coordination </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>preferences <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of a large number of individuals. Furthermore, institutions may be purposely structured to resist change making it difficult </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">change rules </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">even harder to have efficiency enhancing effects. However, according to the functionalist perspective</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the evolution of political institutions is a consequence of the ability of institutions to play an efficiency-enhancing role</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inefficient institutions that fail to do so face inevitable replacement by better systems</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Because there exist conflicting interpretations of the role of institutions by scholars</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">there is also divergence regarding their characterization</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Endogenous preferences are characterized as </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">preferences </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agents (apparent self-interest) that propel </ins>political and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">strategic advancement</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, even when self-interest is known, there may not </ins>be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a mechanism for achieving said interest</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">According </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eichengreen, ideas</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ideology and elite consensus must be received </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bolstered by a "socially constructed conveyance mechanism"_ an institution</ins>. Eichengreen <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">highlights </ins>that the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">endogenous </ins>preferences <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is controversial as they are hard </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quantify </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">derive empirical results from <ref>Eichengreen</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Barry J</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” International Organization 52</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">no</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br> '''Implications of the International Dimension''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Endogenous Preferences'''</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The challenge of analysis involving an international dimension is quantitative. That is, it is often difficult to decipher transnational as opposed to nation-bound, interests, and institutions. Because empirical verification is difficult, analytical consensus among scholars is rare <ref>Eichengreen, Barry J. “Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Endogenous preferences are characterized as the preferences </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agents (apparent self</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interest) that propel political and strategic advancement. However, even when self-interest is known, there may not be a mechanism for achieving said interest. According to Eichengreen, ideas, ideology and elite consensus must be received and bolstered by a "socially constructed conveyance mechanism"_ an institution. Eichengreen highlights that the use of endogenous preferences is controversial as they are hard to quantify and derive empirical results from. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> '''Level-</ins>of-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Analysis Problem''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>Eichengreen, Barry J</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Dental Hygiene and Nuclear War: How International Relations Looks from Economics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 993-1012</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Implications of the International Dimension'''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The challenge of analysis involving an international dimension is quantitative. That is, it is often difficult to decipher transnational as opposed to nation-bound, interests, and institutions. Because empirical verification is difficult, analytical consensus among scholars is rare. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Level-of-Analysis Problem'''</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Kaitlynn Saldanhahttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=202&oldid=prevKaitlynn Saldanha at 04:41, 2 October 20102010-10-02T04:41:57Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:41, 2 October 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Interest Group Models'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Models provide predictions about the interests of individuals which are dependent on underlying structures. We are attentive to the interests of individuals because different interest groups favor different public policies. One example of an interest group model is the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. Interest Group Models are useful in IPE with respect to issues of trade and currency policies, as such models lay the groundwork for empirical study. Limitations of interest group models are their inability to capture the finest details, applicability to noneconomic issues, and its weakness in capturing the element of time (in the case that the model is static). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Institutional Approaches'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Institutional approaches emphasize the role of institutions: political, social and economic. Institutions can be viewed as "mechanisms of collective choice" in the sense that they highlight particular group interests and policy preferences while muting those of others. Because it is costly for constituents to monitor the acts of each elected official, institutions are imperfect mechanisms for monitoring and sanctioning political agents. Additionally, Eichengreen notes that because institutions are a source of network externalities, modifying their structure requires the coordination of the preferences of a large number of individuals. Furthermore, institutions may be purposely structured to resist change making it difficult to change rules and even harder to have efficiency enhancing effects. However, according to the functionalist perspective, the evolution of political institutions is a consequence of the ability of institutions to play an efficiency-enhancing role. Inefficient institutions that fail to do so face inevitable replacement by better systems. Because there exist conflicting interpretations of the role of institutions by scholars, there is also divergence regarding their characterization.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Endogenous Preferences'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Endogenous preferences are characterized as the preferences of agents (apparent self-interest) that propel political and strategic advancement. However, even when self-interest is known, there may not be a mechanism for achieving said interest. According to Eichengreen, ideas, ideology and elite consensus must be received and bolstered by a "socially constructed conveyance mechanism"_ an institution. Eichengreen highlights that the use of endogenous preferences is controversial as they are hard to quantify and derive empirical results from. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Implications of the International Dimension'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The challenge of analysis involving an international dimension is quantitative. That is, it is often difficult to decipher transnational as opposed to nation-bound, interests, and institutions. Because empirical verification is difficult, analytical consensus among scholars is rare. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Level-of-Analysis Problem'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to Kenneth Waltz, international relations can be explained by level one, the actions of individuals, level two, the actions of states, or level three, systemic factors. One weakness of the approach is that it poses the study of international relations vis a vis systemic factors as an alternative to studying the actions of states and individuals (the other two levels). Eichengreen expresses his viewpoint with the analogy that economists can rarely understand behavior and consequences of the macro economy without studying the behavior of individuals and firms (micro economy). Similarly, analysis in international relations is not complete without the full picture; simultaneously studying all three levels of analysis.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Kaitlynn Saldanhahttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=52&oldid=prevDaniel Pulido at 02:20, 18 September 20102010-09-18T02:20:28Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:20, 18 September 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The article has <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">very little </del>to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title derives from the introduction where he makes a short reference to how economists apply their theoretical tools to everything, from dental hygiene to nuclear war. The article is an understanding of international relations as an academic discipline from the view point of economics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The article has <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nothing </ins>to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title derives from the introduction where he makes a short reference to how economists apply their theoretical tools to everything, from dental hygiene to nuclear war. The article is an understanding of international relations as an academic discipline from the view point of economics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eichengreen makes a review of the most important schools of international relations: Interest group model, Institutional approach, Endogenous preferences, Waltz’ system of level analysis. The constant structure in his review of each model is that at the beginning he argues that the assumptions made are fairly close to those used in many economic models; but later he says that the inclusion of politics, ideology or international organizations make the hypothesis formulated by these theories hard to test. For example he compares the Interest Group model that assumes countries to be “black boxes” with the assumption made in microeconomics of firms following profit maximization. However in a second part of his arguments he says that, although it is easy to understand the interest of a firm, it is much harder to define the interest of a country when you include its politics, culture and history. Most importantly, an approach that includes any interest beyond the increase in wealth, though it creates interesting theories, it is hard to test empirically.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eichengreen makes a review of the most important schools of international relations: Interest group model, Institutional approach, Endogenous preferences, Waltz’ system of level analysis. The constant structure in his review of each model is that at the beginning he argues that the assumptions made are fairly close to those used in many economic models; but later he says that the inclusion of politics, ideology or international organizations make the hypothesis formulated by these theories hard to test. For example he compares the Interest Group model that assumes countries to be “black boxes” with the assumption made in microeconomics of firms following profit maximization. However in a second part of his arguments he says that, although it is easy to understand the interest of a firm, it is much harder to define the interest of a country when you include its politics, culture and history. Most importantly, an approach that includes any interest beyond the increase in wealth, though it creates interesting theories, it is hard to test empirically.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div></td></tr>
</table>Daniel Pulidohttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Dental_Hygiene_and_Nuclear_War:_How_International_Relations_look_from_Economics&diff=51&oldid=prevDaniel Pulido: New page: Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998). The article has very little to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title d...2010-09-18T02:17:10Z<p>New page: Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998). The article has very little to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title d...</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Barry Eichengreen’s article was published in International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998).<br />
<br />
The article has very little to do with dental hygiene or nuclear war. The title derives from the introduction where he makes a short reference to how economists apply their theoretical tools to everything, from dental hygiene to nuclear war. The article is an understanding of international relations as an academic discipline from the view point of economics.<br />
<br />
Eichengreen makes a review of the most important schools of international relations: Interest group model, Institutional approach, Endogenous preferences, Waltz’ system of level analysis. The constant structure in his review of each model is that at the beginning he argues that the assumptions made are fairly close to those used in many economic models; but later he says that the inclusion of politics, ideology or international organizations make the hypothesis formulated by these theories hard to test. For example he compares the Interest Group model that assumes countries to be “black boxes” with the assumption made in microeconomics of firms following profit maximization. However in a second part of his arguments he says that, although it is easy to understand the interest of a firm, it is much harder to define the interest of a country when you include its politics, culture and history. Most importantly, an approach that includes any interest beyond the increase in wealth, though it creates interesting theories, it is hard to test empirically.<br />
<br />
The paper finishes with a call for political scientist specialized in international relations to apply more statistical elements in their analysis. Or in other words, to move away from the case study methodology.</div>Daniel Pulido