https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&feed=atom&action=historyHegemonic stability theory - Revision history2024-03-19T06:57:12ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.14https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&diff=466&oldid=prevLeah Pickett at 19:14, 5 November 20102010-11-05T19:14:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">related to IPE, </del>developed by many political scientists including George Modelski, Robert Gilpin, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner. A hegemon is a state that has the capacity and the will to lead and overpower other states in the international system. Krasner defines two states to be the hegemons, especially when looked from an international political economy perspective: the British Empire until the beginning of the 20th century, and the United States onwards. Krasner uses a systemic approach to this theory, and his main hypothesis is that the presence of a hegemonic power in the international system creates incentives for other states to accept the openness of trade; thus, the world becomes more open and globalized in the presence of a hegemonic power. He gives examples of various international systems<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and decides that there are two cases in which free trade would be beneficial: many small states with similar power (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which reminds us </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>Benelux states pioneering European construction/monetary integration) and the existence of a hegemon overpowering other smaller states.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory developed by many political scientists including George Modelski, Robert Gilpin, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner. A hegemon is a state that has the capacity and the will to lead and overpower other states in the international system. Krasner defines two states to be the hegemons, especially when looked from an international political economy perspective: the British Empire until the beginning of the 20th century, and the United States <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from that point </ins>onwards. Krasner uses a systemic approach to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">empirically test </ins>this theory, and his main hypothesis is that the presence of a hegemonic power in the international system creates incentives for other states to accept the openness of trade; thus, the world becomes more open and globalized in the presence of a hegemonic power. He gives examples of various international systems and decides that there are two cases in which free trade would be beneficial: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when there are </ins>many small states with similar power (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar to the case </ins>of Benelux states pioneering European construction/monetary integration) and the existence of a hegemon overpowering other smaller states. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then </del>goes to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analyze </del>this<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>in his article on "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." In this case, his dependent variable is economic openness, and his independent variables are the distribution of potential economic power<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>national income, per capita income, military power and geopolitical position. Krasner <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then moves on to test </del>his theory for different periods, and then we see that this theory "fails;" although the theory is valid for 1820-1880 (the begininng of the era of first globalization), 1900-1914 (British hegemonic power falling) and 1945-1960 (post WWII era), it is not for the other periods tested. Thus, Krasner <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goes to amend </del>this theory, time <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lagging </del>the dependent variable<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; defending that </del>it might take <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a while </del>for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and open trade.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He goes <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test </ins>this <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">argument </ins>in his article on "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." In this case, his dependent variable is economic openness, and his independent variables are the distribution of potential economic power<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>national income, per capita income, military power and geopolitical position. Krasner <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tests </ins>his theory for different <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time </ins>periods, and then we see that this theory "fails;" although the theory is valid for 1820-1880 (the begininng of the era of first globalization), 1900-1914 (British hegemonic power falling) and 1945-1960 (post WWII era), it is not for the other periods tested. Thus, Krasner <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amends </ins>this theory, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">arguing that there is a </ins>time <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lag on </ins>the dependent variable<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In other words, </ins>it might take <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some time </ins>for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and open trade <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and its role in promotng them</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Problems with Hegemonic Stability Theory'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Problems with Hegemonic Stability Theory''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Hegemonic Stability Theory is one of the most useful tools to identify and analyze cooperation between states in the international systems, the theory <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is not without its </del>shortcomings. Beyond Krasner’s explanation of his theory’s <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“failings” </del>through <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the simplicity and unsubstantiated reasoning of </del>the lagging of the dependent variable, several other issues appear to be prevalent throughout his work. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Hegemonic Stability Theory is one of the most useful tools to identify and analyze cooperation between states in the international systems, the theory <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has </ins>shortcomings. Beyond Krasner’s explanation of his theory’s <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">failings </ins>through the lagging of the dependent variable, several other issues appear to be prevalent throughout his work. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As explained above the dependent variable in this theory is economic openness. Krasner discusses <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </del>tariff levels would be the most obvious and practical way to measure economic openness but <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then </del>identifies the difficulty in this task. First <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of all</del>, it <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">needs to </del>be noted that tariff levels are subjective due to the difference in price elasticity between various products <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">meaning that </del>a 2% tariff on a certain good, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">say </del>milk, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will </del>not have the same deterring effect as a 2% tariff on another good, a yacht <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for example</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Beyond this, tariff </del>levels are not the only way to control barriers to trade. Differing tax rates, labor and social costs, and exchange rates can act as indirect tariffs that give one state a trading advantage over other states. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As explained above the dependent variable in this theory is economic openness. Krasner discusses <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">how </ins>tariff levels would be the most obvious and practical way to measure economic openness but identifies the difficulty in this task. First, it <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">should </ins>be noted that tariff levels are subjective due to the difference in price elasticity between various products<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. For instance, </ins>a 2% tariff on a certain good, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like </ins>milk, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would </ins>not have the same deterring effect as a 2% tariff on another good, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like </ins>a yacht. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tariff </ins>levels are not the only way to control barriers to trade. Differing tax rates, labor and social costs, and exchange rates can act as indirect tariffs that give one state a trading advantage over other states. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Krasner’s independent variable requires some attention as well. The issue with the independent variable is that during his paper Krasner switches from one interpretation of the variable to another. Krasner at times identifies the independent variable as the distribution of power, giving it the possibility of having many intricate levels. However, at other times he identifies this variable simply as whether or not there is a hegemonic power present, essentially turning the independent variable into a binary variable.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Krasner’s independent variable requires some attention as well. The issue with the independent variable is that during his paper Krasner switches from one interpretation of the variable to another. Krasner at times identifies the independent variable as the distribution of power, giving it the possibility of having many intricate levels. However, at other times he identifies this variable simply as whether or not there is a hegemonic power present, essentially turning the independent variable into a binary variable. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another lag <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </del>may exist <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </del>on a social level. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>The state <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as an </del>entity may take time to realize that it wields the power on an international scale, but just as importantly the citizens of the state may not notice the power they wield. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Alternatively, citizens may think their state wields more power on an international scale, or that their power is still ascending on an international scale while in reality it may have stalled or begun to decline. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>This sort of lag can have equally serious implications in international markets and trade, and it is not thoroughly discussed in Krasner's theory.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another lag may exist on a social level. The state entity may take time to realize that it wields the power on an international scale, but just as importantly<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>the citizens of the state may not notice the power they wield. Alternatively, citizens may think their state wields more power on an international scale, or that their power is still ascending on an international scale while in reality it may have stalled or begun to decline. This sort of lag can have equally serious implications in international markets and trade, and it is not thoroughly discussed in Krasner's theory.</div></td></tr>
</table>Leah Picketthttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&diff=27&oldid=prevJames Schwerdtman at 22:19, 17 September 20102010-09-17T22:19:57Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10" >Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Krasner’s independent variable requires some attention as well. The issue with the independent variable is that during his paper Krasner switches from one interpretation of the variable to another. Krasner at times identifies the independent variable as the distribution of power, giving it the possibility of having many intricate levels. However, at other times he identifies this variable simply as whether or not there is a hegemonic power present, essentially turning the independent variable into a binary variable.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Krasner’s independent variable requires some attention as well. The issue with the independent variable is that during his paper Krasner switches from one interpretation of the variable to another. Krasner at times identifies the independent variable as the distribution of power, giving it the possibility of having many intricate levels. However, at other times he identifies this variable simply as whether or not there is a hegemonic power present, essentially turning the independent variable into a binary variable.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another lag that may exist is on a social level. The state as an entity may take time to realize that it wields the power on an international scale, but just as importantly the citizens of the state may not notice the power they wield. Alternatively, citizens may think their state wields more power on an international scale, or that their power is still ascending on an international scale while in reality it may have stalled or begun to decline. This sort of lag can have equally serious implications in international markets and trade, and it is not thoroughly discussed in Krasner's theory.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>James Schwerdtmanhttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&diff=22&oldid=prevMichael Kretschmer at 15:13, 17 September 20102010-09-17T15:13:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He then goes to analyze this; in his article on "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." In this case, his dependent variable is economic openness, and his independent variables are the distribution of potential economic power; national income, per capita income, military power and geopolitical position. Krasner then moves on to test his theory for different periods, and then we see that this theory "fails;" although the theory is valid for 1820-1880 (the begininng of the era of first globalization), 1900-1914 (British hegemonic power falling) and 1945-1960 (post WWII era), it is not for the other periods tested. Thus, Krasner goes to amend this theory, time lagging the dependent variable; defending that it might take a while for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and open trade.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He then goes to analyze this; in his article on "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." In this case, his dependent variable is economic openness, and his independent variables are the distribution of potential economic power; national income, per capita income, military power and geopolitical position. Krasner then moves on to test his theory for different periods, and then we see that this theory "fails;" although the theory is valid for 1820-1880 (the begininng of the era of first globalization), 1900-1914 (British hegemonic power falling) and 1945-1960 (post WWII era), it is not for the other periods tested. Thus, Krasner goes to amend this theory, time lagging the dependent variable; defending that it might take a while for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and open trade.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Problems with Hegemonic Stability Theory'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although Hegemonic Stability Theory is one of the most useful tools to identify and analyze cooperation between states in the international systems, the theory is not without its shortcomings. Beyond Krasner’s explanation of his theory’s “failings” through the simplicity and unsubstantiated reasoning of the lagging of the dependent variable, several other issues appear to be prevalent throughout his work. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As explained above the dependent variable in this theory is economic openness. Krasner discusses that tariff levels would be the most obvious and practical way to measure economic openness but then identifies the difficulty in this task. First of all, it needs to be noted that tariff levels are subjective due to the difference in price elasticity between various products meaning that a 2% tariff on a certain good, say milk, will not have the same deterring effect as a 2% tariff on another good, a yacht for example. Beyond this, tariff levels are not the only way to control barriers to trade. Differing tax rates, labor and social costs, and exchange rates can act as indirect tariffs that give one state a trading advantage over other states. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Krasner’s independent variable requires some attention as well. The issue with the independent variable is that during his paper Krasner switches from one interpretation of the variable to another. Krasner at times identifies the independent variable as the distribution of power, giving it the possibility of having many intricate levels. However, at other times he identifies this variable simply as whether or not there is a hegemonic power present, essentially turning the independent variable into a binary variable.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Michael Kretschmerhttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&diff=19&oldid=prevDenizhan Duran at 15:05, 16 September 20102010-09-16T15:05:00Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:05, 16 September 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory related to IPE.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory related to IPE<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, developed by many political scientists including George Modelski, Robert Gilpin, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner. A hegemon is a state that has the capacity and the will to lead and overpower other states in the international system. Krasner defines two states to be the hegemons, especially when looked from an international political economy perspective: the British Empire until the beginning of the 20th century, and the United States onwards. Krasner uses a systemic approach to this theory, and his main hypothesis is that the presence of a hegemonic power in the international system creates incentives for other states to accept the openness of trade; thus, the world becomes more open and globalized in the presence of a hegemonic power. He gives examples of various international systems, and decides that there are two cases in which free trade would be beneficial: many small states with similar power (which reminds us of the Benelux states pioneering European construction/monetary integration) and the existence of a hegemon overpowering other smaller states.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He then goes to analyze this; in his article on "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." In this case, his dependent variable is economic openness, and his independent variables are the distribution of potential economic power; national income, per capita income, military power and geopolitical position. Krasner then moves on to test his theory for different periods, and then we see that this theory "fails;" although the theory is valid for 1820-1880 (the begininng of the era of first globalization), 1900-1914 (British hegemonic power falling) and 1945-1960 (post WWII era), it is not for the other periods tested. Thus, Krasner goes to amend this theory, time lagging the dependent variable; defending that it might take a while for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and open trade</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Denizhan Duranhttps://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/IPE/index.php?title=Hegemonic_stability_theory&diff=3&oldid=prevJames Morrison: New page: Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory related to IPE.2010-09-06T18:11:02Z<p>New page: Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory related to IPE.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Hegemonic Stability Theory is a theory related to IPE.</div>James Morrison